Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. In some areas where major communal or other social antagonism cuts across territorial boundaries, ranging through all the federating units, communities or classes have been driven to seek to protect or strengthen their position by inter-territorial union. /Width 371 << As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. What a nice article, very educative for students in school, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Economic factors and Diversities in culture. Resource control: 3.7 7. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. 3. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. Population of the country Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. /F7 24 0 R Email Address. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. READ ALSO: Reasons for political apathy in Nigeria, Get the hottest stories from the largest news site in Nigeria. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. It is on this footing, herewith, that one can properly understand the rational for, and theory of federalism, what and why certain trends theme up federal-state relations in Nigeria, and the features of federal-state relations in Nigeria. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. This was many times more the population of most African countries then. Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria. /Length 14727 Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. Historical experience 3.2 2. FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Do you know the reasons for federalism in Nigeria? Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. This makes it possible for the minorities to be separated from the domination of big ethnic groups. Rt. % The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Nigeria. Nigeria has been dubbed as a product of British colonial suturing. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. This is because most of the power (financial and. From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. Asst. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Hon. % Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. The military were able to create more states because military decrees do not pass the same rigorous method bills pass in a democratic government. With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. 2023, Bscholarly LLC. And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. This feature of federalism is widely believed to be a veritable framework for even and need-sensitive development. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. This allows the central or federal government to share governmental powers between the central or federal government and the components regions, state, etc. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. /Filter /FlateDecode Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf, GJ #2018, 2, Globalization and Federation in Peril: Renewed Agitations for Statehood and the Future of Nigerian State, by A. M. Maigari and U. Dantani, GLOBALIZATION AND FEDERATION IN PERIL: RENEWED AGITATIONS FOR STATEHOOD AND THE FUTURE OF NIGERIAN STATE, RESTRUCTURING NIGERIA: BEYOND POLITICAL RHETORIC AND THE MORAL PANIC, PDF copy of Published paper on Agitation and restructuring.pdf, ESSAYS ON RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AS A PEREMPTORY NORM AND THE LIMITATION IN EXERCISING THAT RIGHT.pdf, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Legal Aid Journal of Legal Issues Vol. As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. I love this article,very educating and interesting He rejects the assertion that We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. ! More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. /Font << It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. %PDF-1.5 Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. Your email address will not be published. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. Federalism in Nigeria. welcome, and thanks for reading us. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. Economic factors in adoption of federalism in Nigeria are not unconnected with the issues of resource control, wealth generation and redistribution, and income distribution. 1. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. 7 Topics Revenue Allocation in Nigeria | Week 9. I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. 3. Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. s" However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting both fancied and real fear of domination among the minorities. Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . What is federalism? The fear of ethnic groups overlapping regional boundaries and the loyalties of castes cutting of some extent across provincial political boundaries also encourage some groups to support wider federal unions. Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. (Tanzi, 1996). 7. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. Your email address will not be published. The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. Here, both the majority and minority are represented in the government. What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. 74 . The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . @VF:8=|@5&/1df gbjtCoy(L5A,JCI1/'5DT8`A!UY*&wTN5[v;KXvH* 5:>}W^Bp_ ;R!&L %s\q'(], In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. |4-Iv The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government.

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