2014;70:84555. Fragopoulou et al. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. 2006;27:16471. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. 1992;114:16202. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. 2013;89:11007. Int J Occup Environ Health. California Privacy Statement, Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Radiat Res. 2014;8:63. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). PubMed Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Trends Cell Biol. Bioelectromagnetics. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. 2006;27:11926. 1990;39:13543. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Google Scholar. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Int J Radiat Biol. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Military Medical Research Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Suhhova et al. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 1994;15:95104. Int J Radiat Biol. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. 2006;27:295306. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Wang Q, Cao Z. 2003;80:194210. 2014;12:75. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. Springer Nature. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Neuroscience. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Google Scholar. statement and 2006;165:63644. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;3:4650. Electromagn Biol Med. 2004;23:20114. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. CAS Megha et al. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Curr Opin Neurobiol. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. 2003;11:346. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. 2005;161:52635. Pathophysiology. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Neuroreport. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Biochem J. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. 2006;79:13140. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. 2015;36:4804. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Behav Brain Res. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. & Hu, XJ. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. 1999;4:102. Int J Radiat Biol. J Pharm Sci. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. J Sleep Res. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Gold PE. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Merola et al. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. The conclusions are shown in Table3. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. 2004;996:8996. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. 2012;3:3440. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. 2007;27:6024. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. World J Biol Chem. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. 2015;56:2618. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Trends Neurosci. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Article Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Xiong et al. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;35:36978. 2015;148:150. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Biomed Environ Sci. 2016;74:99107. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Google Scholar. 2005;161:3314. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Google Scholar. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . 2014;90:2935. Am J Epidemiol. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Neuroreport. 2004;25:4957. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. radiations. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. radiation with wavelengths. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. [84] and Sharma et al. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Dasdag et al. 2011;107:35661. J Neuro-Oncol. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. 2011;31:2293301. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. 2014;9:e95503. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. 2013;17:711. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 2003;80:177. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Toxicol Sci. 2012;21:6209. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. 2002;5:18995. Int J Radiat Biol. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. 2017;52:23947. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Article Google Scholar. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Google Scholar. Cosquer et al. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. 2006;12:44651. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Google Scholar. CAS However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. 2001;93:2037. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Qiao et al. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Finally, Hardell et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Part of PubMed Surg Neurol. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Mack et al. Cassel et al. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Abe M, Bonini NM. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. eliminating microwave and RF sources. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. 2009;4:e4389. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Lai et al. Wang et al. 2005;438:18592. Dasdag et al. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Iran J Public Health. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood.

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