[18] Pope Alexander VI (14921503) was one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes. In the first decade of the Reformation, Luther's message became a movement, and the output of religious pamphlets in Germany was at its height. The Reformation was thus a media revolution. The 1530 Augsburg Confession concluded that "in doctrine and ceremonies nothing has been received on our part against Scripture or the Church Catholic", and even after the Council of Trent, Martin Chemnitz published the 156573 Examination of the Council of Trent[5] as an attempt to prove that Trent innovated on doctrine while the Lutherans were following in the footsteps of the Church Fathers and Apostles.[6][7]. [citation needed], Hus objected to some of the practices of the Roman Catholic Church and wanted to return the church in Bohemia and Moravia to earlier practices: liturgy in the language of the people (i.e. [8] Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, sometimes employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon with the Unitarians of Transylvania. Under Philip II, conservatives in the Spanish church tightened their grip, and those who refused to recant such as Rodrigo de Valer were condemned to life imprisonment. Among the cultural manifestations of the Catholic Reformation in Europe was the development of the Baroque style in Art. 16th-century schism in Western Christianity, Political situation in Germany about 1560, Religious situation in Germany and Europe about 1560, The New Testament translated by Enzinas, published in, For an example of Reformation history in the Radical Reformation Tradition, see. Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists. In the aftermath of the Swedish withdrawal and truce, attitudes throughout the nobility (Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant) turned against the Polish Brethren. Divergent work attitudes of Protestant and Catholics. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. Ultimately Pope Clement VII refused the petition; consequently it became necessary for the King to assert his lordship over the church in his realm to give legal effect to his wishes. [53] During his reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads among the Danish population. Choose one of these movements and discuss the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence). This agreement granted religious toleration to all nobles: peasants living on nobile estates did not receive the same protections. [32][b][22][34] Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534) was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to Modern Standard German. They condemned what they saw as Protestant errors. The Puritans objected to ornaments and ritual in the churches as idolatrous (vestments, surplices, organs, genuflection), calling the vestments "popish pomp and rags" (see Vestments controversy). During Reformation-era confessionalization, Western Christianity adopted different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). It swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities, including the Black Company of Florian Geier, a knight from Giebelstadt who joined the peasants in the general outrage against the Catholic hierarchy. The apostolic succession was retained in Sweden during the Reformation. The Catholic Reformation was a religious movement that transpired in the 1500s throughout Europe. The Deluge, a 20-year period of almost continual warfare, marked the turning point in attitudes. These Germans raised a Lutheran church in Hafnarfjrur as early as 1533. Today, we call this "Roman Catholic" because there are so many other types of churches (for example . The Roman Inquisition was a court of the Catholic Church that prosecuted crimes of heresy. The first two Lutheran martyrs were monks from Antwerp, Johann Esch and Heinrich Hoes, who were burned at the stake when they would not recant. Witch trials became more common in regions or other jurisdictions where Protestants and Catholics contested the religious market. Anne Locke translated some of Calvin's writings to English around this time. Which statement best describes a reform initiated by the Council of Trent? As the number of Protestants in France increased, the number of heretics in prisons awaiting trial also grew. [citation needed], The absence of Protestants, however, does not necessarily imply a failure of the Reformation. The Commonwealth was unique in Europe in the 16th century for its widespread tolerance confirmed by the Warsaw Confederation. . In Sweden, the Reformation was spearheaded by Gustav Vasa, elected king in 1523, with major contributions by Olaus Petri, a Swedish clergyman. World Civilization Chapter 5 - The Counter-Re, The Counter Reformation, Chapter 1, Section 7, Literature and Philosophy of the Renaissance, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Nurs418: Atrioventricular Blocks and Pacemake, ACE Health and Wellness Coach Practice Test, Nursing Management of Hypertension NURS 4554. The term Reformation refers to a great religious reform movement in Europe during the 16th century. [71][72] When Henry II took the throne in 1547, the persecution of Protestants grew and special courts for the trial of heretics were also established in the Parlement de Paris. Following a brief Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary (15531558), a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I, though this point is one of considerable debate among historians. Much of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary adopted Protestantism during the 16th century. Counter-Reformation, also called Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. [citation needed]. Though not personally interested in religious reform, Francis I (reigned 15151547) initially maintained an attitude of tolerance, in accordance with his interest in the humanist movement. These two movements quickly agreed on most issues, but some unresolved differences kept them separate. Updates? This "Elizabethan Religious Settlement" largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative, and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists. The Reformation has been credited as a key factor in the development of the state system. The Counter-Reformation Movement While the Protestants largely removed public art from religion and moved towards a more "secular" style of art, embracing the concept of glorifying God through depictions of nature, the Counter-Reformation Catholic Church promoted art with "sacred" or religious content. On the eve of the Protestant Reformation, Christianity held the predominant position within the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Catholicism received preferential treatment at the expense of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox. The translation had a significant impact upon the Welsh population and helped to firmly establish Protestantism among the Welsh people. Higher capability in reading, numeracy, essay writing, and history. In other words, art was to be strictly . [58] In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognised Henry as "the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England". Friction with the pope over the latter's interference in Swedish ecclesiastical affairs led to the discontinuance of any official connection between Sweden and the papacy since 1523. They also tried to win back areas of Europe that had been lost to the Catholic Church. Eventually the expulsions of the Counter-Reformation reversed the trend. Hussites made up the vast majority of the population, forcing the Council of Basel to recognize in 1437 a system of two "religions" for the first time, signing the Compacts of Basel for the kingdom (Catholic and Czech Ultraquism a Hussite movement). Improved training and education for some Roman Catholic priests. Despite these wars against Protestant, Orthodox, and Muslim neighbours, the Confederation of Warsaw held with one notable exception. involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church. In 1417, two years after the execution of Jan Hus, the Czech reformation quickly became the chief force in the country. When Henry died he was succeeded by his Protestant son Edward VI, who, through his empowered councillors (with the King being only nine years old at his succession and fifteen at his death) the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland, ordered the destruction of images in churches, and the closing of the chantries. In this act, Protestants denounced the Catholic Mass in placards that appeared across France, even reaching the royal apartments. [64], The Pilgrims held radical Protestant disapproval of Christmas, and its celebration was outlawed in Boston from 1659 to 1681. The Germans fished near Iceland's coast, and the Hanseatic League engaged in commerce with the Icelanders. The various groups had their own juridical systems. Some of these, like the use of local language as the liturgical language, were approved by the pope as early as in the 9th century. Saint Peter. In 1658 the Polish Brethren were forced to leave the country. [67] The Welsh Protestants used the model of the Synod of Dort of 16181619. We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. Teter, Magda. During his reign, he selected Catholics for the highest offices in the country. Prior to the Protestant Reformation, pretty much everyone in Europe was a Roman Catholic. [14], The leaders of the Roman Catholic Church condemned him at the Council of Constance (14141417) and he was burnt at the stake, despite a promise of safe-conduct. The Reformation was the start of Protestantism and the split of the Western Church into Protestantism and what is now the Roman Catholic Church. The period of tolerance came under strain during the reign of King Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt Wasa). The context of the Reformation was the strange state of the Catholic Church as of the late fifteenth century. The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers such as Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin arose. The veneration of some saints, certain pilgrimages and some pilgrim shrines were also attacked. The unique government (Poland was a republic where the citizen nobility owned the state) meant the king could not enforce a religious settlement even he if so desired. The early Reformation in Germany mostly concerns the life of Martin Luther until he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. This period is known as the English Reformation.

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