related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger If students are exposed to ATC as much as possible during training, they feel confident asking controllers to clarify instructions and are better equipped to use ATC as a resource for assistance in unusual circumstances or emergencies, Throughout training, students can be asked to identify internal and external resources, which can be used in a variety of flight situations. A subsequent investigation For example, including relaxation time in a busy schedule and maintaining a program of physical fitness can help reduce stress levels. Due to the importance of this subject, the following discussion provides guidance on the recommended procedure to use for the positive exchange of flight controls between pilots when operating an aircraft, Incident/accident statistics indicate a need to place additional emphasis on the exchange of control of an aircraft by pilots. If possible, avoid ending the evaluation on a negative note, As discussed in Chapter 5, Assessment, collaborative assessment (or learner centered grading (LCG)) is a form of authentic assessment currently used in aviation training with problem-based learning (PBL). the aircraft was slightly off course and flying at an altitude of 560 a pretty good idea when it is first considered. As defined in the regulation, critical phases of flight are all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff, and landing, and all other flight operations below 10,000 feet except cruise flight. the gross rent multiplier uses quizlet. Some operators use surface to 18,000 feet as the "sterile zone", while others apply the sterile cockpit principle from Top of Descent/Pre-Descent checklist, in the descent, and up to Top of Climb/En-Route checklist, on departure. suggestion following an altitude deviation. specifically prohibit crew member performance of non-essential duties or activities The purpose is to determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. Fatigue can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). dangerous, but it is illegal, as well. environment. Here is a A positive three-step process in the exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly recommended. often has cruise altitudes below 10,000 feet MSL, offers a similar worthwhile sterile cockpit rule is really important, so we'll adhere to it. In many districts, the board has delegated authority to an administrator or third party to hear the expulsion case. Even an inexperienced student realizes immediately when the instructor has failed to prepare a lesson. The sterile cockpit rule is a good rule because For the most part, The instructor should also try to determine if there are aspects of pilot training that are causing excessive amounts of stress for the student. Aircraft speed and control take precedence over all other actions during landings and takeoffs, Stress landing in the first third of the runway to ensure there is stopping distance for the aircraft. Students must understand the purpose of the assessment; otherwise, they will be unlikely to accept the evaluation offered and little improvement will result. In this step, the thinking is done verbally. Is there some stress in another aspect of the students life that may be causing a distraction? phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of shows, the consequences of non-compliance can be very serious. The minimum standards to pass the checkride should not be introduced until the 3 hours of preparation for the checkride. The expected outcome of each possible action should be considered and the risks assessed before the pilot decides on a response to the situation, Brenda determines the fuel burn if she continues to her destination and considers other options: turning around and landing at a nearby airport, diverting off course, or landing prior to her destination at an airport en route. After an intensive look at ADM, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations and endorsements, A CFI must be thoroughly familiar with the functions, characteristics, and proper use of all flight instruments, avionics, and other aircraft systems being used for training. disobeying the rule is not intentional. The actions to be taken in each of these circumstances would be significantly different. synopsis of the problems that we found that could be attributed to sterile cockpit The second activity is the instructors supervision, Student performance requires students to act and do. Through doing, students learn to follow correct procedures and to reach established standards. However, the effects of stress are cumulative and, if not coped with adequately, they eventually add up to an intolerable burden. By discussing the events that led to this incident, instructors can help students understand how a series of judgmental errors contributed to the final outcome of this flight: Weather decisionon the morning of the flight, the pilot was running late and, having acquired a computer printout of the forecast the night before, he did not obtain a briefing from flight service before his departure, Flight planning decision/performance chartthe pilot calculated total fuel requirements for the trip based on a rule-of-thumb figure he had used previously for another airplane. Worry or distraction may be due to student concerns about progress in the training course, or may stem from circumstances completely unrelated to their instruction. 14 CFR Section 91.3, Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command, states that "In an inflight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency", Flight instructors should incorporate ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM throughout the entire training course for all levels of students. If you want the pool skills, get the pool drills! Disinterest grows rapidly when unnecessary repetition and drill are requested on operations that have already been adequately learned, Worry or lack of interest has a detrimental effect on learning. about five nautical miles from the airport. It is very important for the flight instructor to debrief a student immediately after a solo flight. When this training technique is used, instruction in the control of an aircraft by outside visual references is integrated with instruction in the use of flight instrument indications for the same operations, It important for the student to establish the habit of observing and relying on flight instruments from the beginning of flight training. If the flight instructor has trained and prepared the applicant competently, the applicant should have no problem passing the practical test, A flight instructor who fails to ensure a student meets the requirements of regulations prior to endorsing solo flight or additional rating exhibits a serious deficiency in performance. [Figure 8-5], First, the flight instructor gives a carefully planned demonstration of the procedure or maneuver with accompanying verbal explanation. Based on insight, cross-country flying experience, and knowledge of weather systems, she considers the possibility that she has an increased headwind. / FAR 135.100--Flight Crew Member Duties. Some POHs call for mixture to be enriched during an emergency descent, but what if the powerplant is engulfed in flames? In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. This focuses concentration on the task to be accomplished, so that total involvement in the maneuver is fostered. The demonstration-performance method is divided into four phases: explanation, demonstration, student performance with instructor supervision, and evaluation. to help minimize many of the problems that we just annotated. The following are examples of distractions that can be used for this training: Drop a pencil. 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. Your fellow crew members and passengers are hoping that you will. He also finds charts and a lesson plan he can use. A series of aircraft accidents caused by flight crews who were distracted from their flight duties during critical phases of the flight caused the FAA to propose the rule. The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, The demonstration-performance method can be applied to the telling-and-doing technique of flight instruction in three steps. carolina health specialists phone number. Explanations must be clear, pertinent to the objectives of the particular lesson to be presented, and based on the known experience and knowledge of the students. During the postflight evaluation, collaborative assessment is used to evaluate whether certain learning criteria were met during the SBT, Collaborative assessment includes learner self-assessment and a detailed assessment by the aviation instructor. Nowhere does Webster's define "sight-seeing" To determine the severity of the problem, she calculates a new groundspeed and reassesses fuel requirements, After the problem has been identified, the pilot evaluates the need to react to it and determines the actions that may be taken to resolve the situation in the time available. Two reports demonstrated that a cockpit Duties such as company required calls made for such non safety related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier or pointing out sights of interest, and filling out company payroll and related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. Daniels decision to help Mary develop personal weather minimums reflects a key component of the flight instructors job: providing the student with the tools to ensure safety during a flight. If students do not fully understand how to use the equipment, or if they rely on it so much that they become complacent, it can become a detriment to safe flight. In addition, it should be demonstrated in the same sequence in which it was explained so as to avoid confusion and provide reinforcement. This helps the student develop good off-field landings techniques. lesson was also learned. [Figure 8-4], The flight instructor needs to be well prepared and highly organized if complex maneuvers and procedures are to be taught effectively. This may be done as each procedure or maneuver is completed or summarized during postflight critiques. not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the In addition, avoiding stressful situations and encounters can help pilots cope with stress, To make informed decisions during flight operations, students must be made aware of the resources found both inside and outside the flight deck. For a student, this may take the form of a desire to make an early solo flight, or to set out on cross-country flights before the basic elements of flight have been learned, The impatient student fails to understand the need for preliminary training and seeks only the ultimate objective without considering the means necessary to reach it. The most effective training is the simulation of scenarios that can lead to inadvertent stalls by creating distractions while the student is practicing certain maneuvers. Students who do not understand the principles involved will probably not be able to do this successfully, Flight instructors have the responsibility to provide guidance and restraint with respect to the solo operations of their students. Two steps to improve flight safety are identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight and learning behavior modification techniques, Flight instructors must be able to spot hazardous attitudes in a student because recognition of hazardous thoughts is the first step toward neutralizing them. Anxious students can be incredibly strong and usually exhibit reactions inappropriate to the situation. Since flight instructors are a critical part of the aviation safety system, this chapter introduces system safetyaeronautical decision-making (ADM), risk management, situational awareness, and single-pilot resource management (SRM)in the modern flight training environment. If the airplane has a canopy or roof window, wearing light-colored, porous clothing and a hat helps provide protection from the sun. Rules and regulations are designed to address known or suspected conditions detrimental to safety, but there is always the probability that some new combination of circumstances not contemplated by the regulations will arise, The recognition of aviation training and flight operations as a system led to a "system approach" to aviation safety. students should never be allowed to exceed the flight instructors limits. involving high elevation airports, where 10,000 feet MSL for the sterile cockpit The sterile cockpit rule was designed An instructional flight should be terminated as soon as incipient sickness is experienced. 2014; 114(2):47-55. related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. How far the aircraft rolls (steepness of the bank) depends on how long the ailerons are deflected, since the aircraft continues to roll as long as the ailerons are deflected. taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below However, even when such authority is delegated, the student must be provided an . safe operation of the aircraft. As she proceeds to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight, It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has the good judgment to be a safe pilot. Keep the sterile cockpit "clean." (ACN 173707). This is by far the most important flight instructor responsibility. On the one hand, we're taught a good flight instructor is supposed to be able to fly and talk simultaneously. Preoccupation inside or outside the flight deck while changing aircraft configuration or trim, maneuvering to avoid other traffic, or clearing hazardous obstacles during takeoff and climb could create a potential stall/spin situation. for 'total concentration-sterile cockpit' procedures." Passengers are told to shut up and any conversation or activity not related to the takeoff or landing is not permitted while the aircraft is taking off, landing or involved in any "critical phase" of flight. The job of the instructor is to challenge the student with realistic flying situations without overburdening him or her with unrealistic scenarios, The FAA recommends that in all student flights involving landings in an aircraft, the flight instructor should teach a full stop landing. one crew member to be "out of the loop." Do not talk to the student on short final of the landing approach, During a post-solo debriefing, the flight instructor discusses what took place during the students solo flight.
