By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. . Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). They cannot be abusive or personal. How do people make money on survival on Mars? According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. Hence the correct answer is Option B. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Rajatarangini belongs. Deposed by the minister Shura. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. section. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. He was (I.191) the first of his race. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. View all Google Scholar citations There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. View Answer [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Answer. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Answer. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. 0 0 Similar questions Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. Turn on. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. It does not store any personal data. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Son of Ajitapida. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. Abstract. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Wife of Damodara. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. Son of Partha. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Son of Jayapida and Durgi. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z elsewhere. Has data issue: true [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. field of Asian Studies. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? He erected a monument at. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. Son of Sangramapida II. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. Nephew of Didda. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? Let us know more about Rajatarangini. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana.
